Main Article Content
Abstract
Learning means understanding of the positionality of the producers of knowledge and their power since it is them who reproduce a certain world view. If teacher education programs do not reflect issues faced by underrepresented populations, this may leave certain groups of students marginalized and cause higher drop-out rates. Hence, this study aimed to determine whether chosen Education Preparation Programs (EPPs) in Poland and Spain embed principles of critical pedagogy in their curriculum while preparing pre-service teachers for working in diverse educational environments. This study’s methodology was replicated from the analysis done by Courville-Mayers & Figueroa-Flores (2020). Content analysis was used to determine the presence of a critical pedagogy tenets developed by Giroux (revised in 2020) in the EPPs required courses’ syllabi. The findings show that the distribution of the CP principles is uneven and some of the tenets found no representation in the syllabi.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2022 Educational Forum

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authorship
The Author (Co-authors) declares that the submitted paper does not infringe on the third parties’ copyright, consents to submitting the paper to the reviewing procedure and introducing editorial changes in it, and conveys proprietary copyright to the paper free of charge to Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej for uses stipulated in paragraph 50 of the Polish Bill on Copyright and Related Rights of 4.02.1994, provided that the paper has been accepted for publication and published.
Conditions of use
© The University of Lower Silesia owns the proprietary copyright to all materials published in the journal. Articles are made available on the basis of non-exclusive Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. The full text of the licence can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.
Posting the text in the repository, on the author’s homepage or other website is permitted on condition that it does not entail gaining material benefits and the text is equipped with full source documentation (including the title, volume, issue and internet address of the journal).
All those interested in using the materials published in the journal for commercial purposes are kindly requested to contact the Editors.
References
- Babino, A., Stewart, M. A. (2020). Radicalizing Literacies and Languaging. A Framework toward Dismantling the Mono-Mainstream Assumption. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56138-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56138-3
- Burnard, P. (1991). A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Education Today, 11(6), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-6917(91)90009-Y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-6917(91)90009-Y
- Butler, F. A., Bailey, A. L., Stevens, R., Huang, B. & Lord, C. (2004). Academic English in fifth-grade mathematics, science, and social studies textbooks. ERIC Clearinghouse.
- Castillo-Montoya, M. (2019). Professors’pedagogical strategies for teaching through diversity. The Review of Higher Education, 42(5), 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0050
- Courville-Myers, A., & Figueroa-Flores, J. F. (2020). The Time Is Now: Modeling the Tenets of Critical Pedagogy for Our Future Teachers at Hispanic Serving Institutions. Education, Language and Sociology Research 1(2), 2020. https://doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n2p1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n2p1
- Curcio, I. D. D., Dipace, A., & Norlund, A. (2016). Virtual realities and education. REM – Research on Education and Media, 8(2), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/rem-2016-0019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/rem-2016-0019
- Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
- European Commission (2022). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on a European strategy for universities. Stras19bourg COM(2022) 16 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0016
- Freire, P. (1997) Pedagogy of the heart. Continuum.
- Freire, P. (1976). Education, the practice of freedom. Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative.
- Freire, P. (1973). Education for critical consciousness (1st American ed.). Seabury Press.
- Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Herder and Herder.
- Genova, H., & Stewart, M. A. (2019). “My Life, My Stories”: Reading, Writing, and Belonging in the ESL Classroom. English Journal, 108(3), 34–43. https://library.ncte.org/journals/ej/issues/v108-3/29967 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58680/ej201929967
- Giroux, H. A. (2020). On Critical Pedagogy (2nd ed.). Bloomsburry Academic. http://doi.org/10.5040/9781350145016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350145016
- Giroux, H. A. (2019). Neoliberalism and the weaponising of language and education. Race & Class, 61(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396819847945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396819847945
- Giroux, H. A. (2010). Rethinking education as the practice of freedom: Paulo Freire and the promise of critical pedagogy. Policy Futures in Education, 8(6), 715–721. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2010.8.6.715 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2010.8.6.715
- Giroux, H.A. (1997). Pedagogy and the Politics of Hope: Theory, Culture, and Schooling: A Critical Reader (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498428
- Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action. Beacon Press.
- Hsieh H-F., & Shannon S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
- Lewison, M., Leland, C., & Harste, J.C. (2015). Creating critical classrooms: Reading and writing with an edge. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315817842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315817842
- Maguire, R., Egan, A., Hyland, P., & Maguire, P. (2017). Engaging Students Emotionally: The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Predicting Cognitive and Affective Engagement in Higher Education. Higher Education Research & Development 36(2), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1185396 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1185396
- McLaren, P., & Kincheloe, J. L. (2008). Pedagogía Crítica-de qué hablamos, dónde estamos. Graó.
- Mickan, P. (2017). Text-Based Research and Teaching from a Social Semiotic Perspective: Transformative Research and Pedagogy. In: Mickan, P., Lopez, E. (Eds), Text-Based Research and Teaching (pp. 15–35). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59849-3_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59849-3_2
- Milner, H. R. (2010). What does teacher education have to do with teaching? Implications for diversity studies. Journal of Teacher Education, 61, 118–131. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022487109347670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487109347670
- Moschkovich, J. N. (2018). Recommendation for research on language and learning mathematics. In J. N. Moschkovich, D. Wagner, A. Bose, J. Rodrigues Mendes, & M. Schütte (Eds.), Language and communication in mathematics education. International perspectives (pp. 37–47). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75055-2
- Nieto, S. (2000). Placing equity front and center: Some thoughts on transforming teacher education for a new century. Journal of Teacher Education, 51(3), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487100051003004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487100051003004
- Nieto, S. (2017). Becoming sociocultural mediators: What all educators can learn from bilingual and ESL teachers. Issues in Teacher Education, 26(2), 129–141.
- Olmos de Montáñez, O. (2008). La pedagogía crítica y la interdisciplinaridad en la formación deldocente. Sapiens: Revista Universitaria de Investigación, 9(1), 155–177.
- Olszewska, A., Bondy, E., Hagler, N., & Kim H.J. (2021): A humanizing pedagogy of engagement: beliefs and practices of award-winning instructors at a U.S. university, Teaching in Higher Education https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1920575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1920575
- Osborn, T.A. (2006). Teaching World Languages for Social Justice. A Sourcebook of Principles and Practices. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617194
- Paris, D., & Alim, H. S. (2017). Culturally sustaining pedagogies: Teaching and learning for justice in a changing world. Teachers College Press.
- Porte, G. (2012). Replication research in applied linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
- Potter, W. J., & Levine-Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 258–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889909365539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889909365539
- Silberman-Keller, D., Bekerman, H. A., Giroux, H., & Burbules, N. (2011). Cultura popular y Educación: Imágenes espejadas. Miño y Dávila.
- Quasthoff, U. & Morek, M. (2015). Diskursive Praktiken von Kindern in außerschulischen und schulischen Kontexten (DisKo). Abschlussbericht für das DFG-geförderte Forschungsprojekt. http://www.disko.tu-dortmund.de/disko/Medienpool/Abschlussbericht-DisKo.pdf.
- Uccelli, P., Galloway, E. P., Barr, C. D., Meneses, A., & Dobbs, C. L. (2015). Beyond vocabulary: Exploring cross-disciplinary academic-language proficiency and its association with reading comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly, 50 (3), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.104
References
Babino, A., Stewart, M. A. (2020). Radicalizing Literacies and Languaging. A Framework toward Dismantling the Mono-Mainstream Assumption. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56138-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56138-3
Burnard, P. (1991). A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Education Today, 11(6), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-6917(91)90009-Y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-6917(91)90009-Y
Butler, F. A., Bailey, A. L., Stevens, R., Huang, B. & Lord, C. (2004). Academic English in fifth-grade mathematics, science, and social studies textbooks. ERIC Clearinghouse.
Castillo-Montoya, M. (2019). Professors’pedagogical strategies for teaching through diversity. The Review of Higher Education, 42(5), 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0050
Courville-Myers, A., & Figueroa-Flores, J. F. (2020). The Time Is Now: Modeling the Tenets of Critical Pedagogy for Our Future Teachers at Hispanic Serving Institutions. Education, Language and Sociology Research 1(2), 2020. https://doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n2p1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n2p1
Curcio, I. D. D., Dipace, A., & Norlund, A. (2016). Virtual realities and education. REM – Research on Education and Media, 8(2), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/rem-2016-0019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/rem-2016-0019
Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
European Commission (2022). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on a European strategy for universities. Stras19bourg COM(2022) 16 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0016
Freire, P. (1997) Pedagogy of the heart. Continuum.
Freire, P. (1976). Education, the practice of freedom. Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative.
Freire, P. (1973). Education for critical consciousness (1st American ed.). Seabury Press.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Herder and Herder.
Genova, H., & Stewart, M. A. (2019). “My Life, My Stories”: Reading, Writing, and Belonging in the ESL Classroom. English Journal, 108(3), 34–43. https://library.ncte.org/journals/ej/issues/v108-3/29967 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58680/ej201929967
Giroux, H. A. (2020). On Critical Pedagogy (2nd ed.). Bloomsburry Academic. http://doi.org/10.5040/9781350145016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350145016
Giroux, H. A. (2019). Neoliberalism and the weaponising of language and education. Race & Class, 61(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396819847945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396819847945
Giroux, H. A. (2010). Rethinking education as the practice of freedom: Paulo Freire and the promise of critical pedagogy. Policy Futures in Education, 8(6), 715–721. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2010.8.6.715 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2010.8.6.715
Giroux, H.A. (1997). Pedagogy and the Politics of Hope: Theory, Culture, and Schooling: A Critical Reader (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498428
Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action. Beacon Press.
Hsieh H-F., & Shannon S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Lewison, M., Leland, C., & Harste, J.C. (2015). Creating critical classrooms: Reading and writing with an edge. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315817842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315817842
Maguire, R., Egan, A., Hyland, P., & Maguire, P. (2017). Engaging Students Emotionally: The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Predicting Cognitive and Affective Engagement in Higher Education. Higher Education Research & Development 36(2), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1185396 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1185396
McLaren, P., & Kincheloe, J. L. (2008). Pedagogía Crítica-de qué hablamos, dónde estamos. Graó.
Mickan, P. (2017). Text-Based Research and Teaching from a Social Semiotic Perspective: Transformative Research and Pedagogy. In: Mickan, P., Lopez, E. (Eds), Text-Based Research and Teaching (pp. 15–35). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59849-3_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59849-3_2
Milner, H. R. (2010). What does teacher education have to do with teaching? Implications for diversity studies. Journal of Teacher Education, 61, 118–131. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022487109347670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487109347670
Moschkovich, J. N. (2018). Recommendation for research on language and learning mathematics. In J. N. Moschkovich, D. Wagner, A. Bose, J. Rodrigues Mendes, & M. Schütte (Eds.), Language and communication in mathematics education. International perspectives (pp. 37–47). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75055-2
Nieto, S. (2000). Placing equity front and center: Some thoughts on transforming teacher education for a new century. Journal of Teacher Education, 51(3), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487100051003004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487100051003004
Nieto, S. (2017). Becoming sociocultural mediators: What all educators can learn from bilingual and ESL teachers. Issues in Teacher Education, 26(2), 129–141.
Olmos de Montáñez, O. (2008). La pedagogía crítica y la interdisciplinaridad en la formación deldocente. Sapiens: Revista Universitaria de Investigación, 9(1), 155–177.
Olszewska, A., Bondy, E., Hagler, N., & Kim H.J. (2021): A humanizing pedagogy of engagement: beliefs and practices of award-winning instructors at a U.S. university, Teaching in Higher Education https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1920575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1920575
Osborn, T.A. (2006). Teaching World Languages for Social Justice. A Sourcebook of Principles and Practices. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617194
Paris, D., & Alim, H. S. (2017). Culturally sustaining pedagogies: Teaching and learning for justice in a changing world. Teachers College Press.
Porte, G. (2012). Replication research in applied linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Potter, W. J., & Levine-Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 258–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889909365539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889909365539
Silberman-Keller, D., Bekerman, H. A., Giroux, H., & Burbules, N. (2011). Cultura popular y Educación: Imágenes espejadas. Miño y Dávila.
Quasthoff, U. & Morek, M. (2015). Diskursive Praktiken von Kindern in außerschulischen und schulischen Kontexten (DisKo). Abschlussbericht für das DFG-geförderte Forschungsprojekt. http://www.disko.tu-dortmund.de/disko/Medienpool/Abschlussbericht-DisKo.pdf.
Uccelli, P., Galloway, E. P., Barr, C. D., Meneses, A., & Dobbs, C. L. (2015). Beyond vocabulary: Exploring cross-disciplinary academic-language proficiency and its association with reading comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly, 50 (3), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.104